Introduction
Dysprosium (atomic number 66), whose name comes from the Greek meaning “hard to get,” lives up to its title. It is a critical Heavy Rare Earth Element essential for the green energy transition, though not as a primary magnet material, but as a vital additive.
Chemical & Physical Properties
A bright silver metal that is relatively stable in air at room temperature. It is soft and capable of being cut with a knife. It has high magnetic strength at very low temperatures.
Occurrence & Production
Found in xenotime, monazite, and is particularly valued in ion-adsorption clay deposits where heavy rare earths are concentrated. China currently dominates the supply of heavy rare earths like Dysprosium.
Key Applications & Uses
- NdFeB Magnet Additive: This is the most economically important use. Like Terbium, Dysprosium is added to Neodymium magnets to significantly increase their coercivity-their resistance to becoming demagnetized, especially at high temperatures. This is non-negotiable for the drive motors of electric vehicles and wind turbines.
- Control Rods in Nuclear Reactors: Due to its high neutron absorption capability.
- Data Storage: Used in magneto-optical recording media.
- Terfenol-D: Used alongside Terbium in magnetostrictive materials.
Future Outlook & Significance
Dysprosium is often considered one of the most critical elements on earth due to the combination of high demand for green technology and concentrated supply chains. It is a primary target for recycling efforts and substitution research.