Introduction
Yttrium (atomic number 39) is a silvery-metallic transition metal classified as a Heavy Rare Earth Element (HREE) because it is almost always found in association with heavier lanthanides in minerals like xenotime and ion-adsorption clays. It was the first rare earth element discovered, identified in 1794 in the mineral gadolinite found near Ytterby, Sweden.
Chemical & Physical Properties
Yttrium is bright, silvery, and relatively stable in air, though it can develop an oxide layer. When finely divided, it can be unstable and reactive. It has high thermal stability.
Occurrence & Production
Yttrium is relatively abundant, often found in monazite sand and bastnäsite in smaller quantities, but higher concentrations are found in xenotime and heavy rare earth clays (notably in southern China).
Key Applications & Uses
- Phosphors and Displays: Historically vital for producing the red color in CRT televisions. It remains crucial used in white LEDs and flat-panel displays.
- Lasers: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) lasers are among the most common high-power lasers used in industrial cutting, welding, and medical surgery.
- Superconductors: It is a key component in Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO), the first material discovered to achieve high-temperature superconductivity (above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen).
- Ceramics & Alloys: Used to stabilize zirconia (YSZ) in jet engine coatings to protect against heat and corrosion, and added to chromium and magnesium alloys to enhance strength.
Future Outlook & Significance
Yttrium’s role in high-tech lasers, advanced ceramics, and superconducting materials ensures its continued relevance. It remains a foundational element in materials science engineering.